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Electrical
Motor Course |
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An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce
mechanical energy. The reverse process, that of
using mechanical energy to produce electrical
energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo.
Traction motors used on locomotives often perform
both tasks if the locomotive is equipped with
dynamic brakes. Electric motors are found in
household appliances such as fans, refrigerators,
washing machines, pool pumps, floor vacuums, and
fan-forced ovens.
The principle of conversion of electrical energy
into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was
demonstrated by the British scientist Michael
Faraday in 1821 and consisted of a free-hanging wire
dipping into a pool of mercury. A permanent magnet
was placed in the middle of the pool of mercury.
When a current was passed through the wire, the wire
rotated around the magnet, showing that the current
gave rise to a circular magnetic field around the
wire. This motor is often demonstrated in school
physics classes, but brine (salt water) is sometimes
used in place of the toxic mercury. This is the
simplest form of a class of electric motors called
homopolar motors. A later refinement is the Barlow's
Wheel. These were demonstration devices, unsuited to
practical applications due to limited power.
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Course
1- DC Motors |
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A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric
power. Two examples of pure DC designs are Michael
Faraday's homopolar motor (which is uncommon), and
the ball bearing motor, which is (so far) a
novelty. By far the most common DC motor types are
the brushed and brushless types, which use
internal and external commutation respectively to
create an oscillating AC current from the DC
source -- so they are not purely DC machines in a
strict sense.
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In 1882, Nikola Tesla identified the rotating
magnetic field principle, and pioneered the use
of a rotary field of force to operate machines.
He exploited the principle to design a unique
two-phase induction motor in 1883. In 1885,
Galileo Ferraris independently researched the
concept. In 1888, Ferraris published his
research in a paper to the Royal Academy of
Sciences in Turin.
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