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Cooling Tower Course |
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Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to
transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.
Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of
water to remove process heat and cool the working
fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or rely
solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the
dry-bulb air temperature. Common applications
include cooling the circulating water used in oil
refineries, chemical plants, power plants and
building cooling.
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Course 1- HVAC |
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An HVAC cooling tower is a subcategory rejecting
heat from a chiller. Water-cooled chillers are
normally more energy efficient than air-cooled
chillers due to heat rejection to tower water at
or near wet-bulb temperatures. Air-cooled
chillers must reject heat at the dry-bulb
temperature, and thus have a lower average
reverse-Carnot cycle effectiveness. Large office
buildings, hospitals, and schools typically use
one or more cooling towers as part of their air
conditioning systems. Generally, industrial
cooling towers are much larger than HVAC towers.
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Industrial
cooling towers can be used to remove heat from
various sources such as machinery or heated
process material. The primary use of large,
industrial cooling towers is to remove the heat
absorbed in the circulating cooling water
systems used in power plants, petroleum
refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas
processing plants, food processing plants,
semi-conductor plants, and other industrial
facilities. The circulation rate of cooling
water in a typical 700 MW coal-fired power plant
with a cooling tower amounts to about 71,600
cubic metres an hour (315,000 U.S. gallons per
minute)[1] and the circulating water requires a
supply water make-up rate of perhaps 5 percent
(i.e., 3,600 cubic metres an hour).
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Course 3- Air flow generation methods |
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With respect to
drawing air through the tower, there are three
types of cooling towers:
Natural draft, which utilizes buoyancy via a
tall chimney. Warm, moist air naturally rises
due to the density differential to the dry,
cooler outside air. Warm moist air is less dense
than drier air at the same pressure. This moist
air buoyancy produces a current of air through
the tower.
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Crossflow is a design in which the
air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow
(see diagram below). Air flow enters one or more
vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet the fill
material. Water flows (perpendicular to the air)
through the fill by gravity. The air continues
through the fill and thus past the water flow into
an open plenum area. A distribution or hot water
basin consisting of a deep pan with holes or nozzles
in the bottom is utilized in a crossflow tower.
Gravity distributes the water through the nozzles
uniformly across the fill material.
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In a counterflow design the air flow
is directly opposite of the water flow (see diagram
below). Air flow first enters an open area beneath
the fill media and is then drawn up vertically. The
water is sprayed through pressurized nozzles and
flows downward through the fill, opposite to the air
flow.
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